Almanac of news nishikie and related topics | |||||
Introduction | Newspapers | News nishikie | Other nishikie | Who's who | Glossary |
The line between "news" and "non-news" is not always clear. Numerous nishikie were published in a timely manner to show in images, if not also narrate in text, something that was "new" at the time.
Some of the more interesting quasi news nishikie are listed here. They are mostly series that were intended to instruct or inform while entertaining. Some were newspaper supplements. Others were sold at print and book shops.
Kinsei jinsei shi, a supplement rather than a news-related nishikie, is introduced here, partly because it figures in the history of news nishikie and related newspapers, but also because the prints in this series featured personalities who were either in the new or recently in the news at the time they were published.
A few other non-news nishikie series are introduced here, mostly because some prints in the series tie-in with the rise and fall of news nishikie.
Eimei nijuhasshuku | |
英名二十八衆句 Eimei nijuhasshuku Twenty-eight plebeian verses about glorious figures |
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Muzan'e Bloody encounters by notorious historical and legendary figures Drawn by Yoshitoshi and Yoshiiku. Written by various writers, including Sansantei Arindo. Published by Kinseido. |
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This series was published in 1866 and 1867. See Eimei Nijuhasshuku for further details. |
Eimei nijuhasshuku table | ||||
There are 28 prints in this series, half by Yoshitoshi, half by Yoshiiku. | ||||
Issue | Date | Seal | Themes | Title, summary, and comments |
Shirai | 1866 | Serial murder | Shirai Gonpachi is said to have murdered over 130 people before he was executed in 1679. | |
Tenbo | 1866 | Murder | Ten'ichibo killed an old woman to steal a document and sword which would prove that he was a Tokugawa heir. For this he was beheaded in 1727. |
Kinsei jinbutsu shi -- Yamato shinbun furoku Kinsei jinbutsu shi gallery Yamato shinbun | |||
近世人物誌 -- やまと新聞付録 Kinsei jinbutsu shi -- Yamato shinbun furoku Accounts of recent-age personalities -- Yamato news supplement |
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Shinbun furoku (newspaper supplement) Last major newspaper nishikie supplement Drawn by Yoshitoshi. Carved by Enkatsu, Yamamoto, and others. Published by Yamato Shinbun Sha. Office at Kyobashi-ku, Owaricho 2-1. Distributed free to monthly subscribers. (Tsuchiya 1995:24) |
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1886-10-12 | First supplement -- No. 1. | ||
1888-5-25 | Last supplement -- No. 20. | ||
The Kinsei jinbutsu shi consists of a series of twenty nishikie that Yoshitoshi drew as supplements for the daily Yamato shinbun. The supplements were published once a month, and in addition to their number in the series, they bore the issue number and date of the paper they were distributed with. See below for all a list of all the prints in the series, with their numbers, dates, and titles. The Kinsei jinbutsu shi prints are not news nishikie. They differ in a number of ways from the Tonichi and Hochi nishikie and their Osaka counterparts. They were planned from the start as newspaper supplements and were published regularly. They did not focus on news events but on a broad spectrum of influential early Meiji male and female news makers, most deceased, a few still living. And while news nishikie were sold like other woodblock prints and books, the supplements were distributed to readers who subscribed to the paper by the month. (Tsuchiya 1995:24) The Kinsei jinbutsu shi supplements also differ from news nishikie in that, whereas news nishikie featured on-scene illustrations and written accounts of an incident that had been reported in the news, the supplements presented graphic portraits and narrative profiles of famous people. The lives of a some of the people chosen for the series were fraught with conflict and a few ended in violence. Some supplements show or hint at the trauma. Most, though, capture tragic heroes in moments of quietude. Who chose the personalities to feature in the series? Jono? Nishida? Or Yoshitoshi himself? The series reflects a certain nostalgia for recent times, barely a decade or two earlier, when Japan was not as stable as it had become by the late 1880s. As both witnesses and participants, Jono and Yoshitoshi were undoubtedly keen observers of the feats and failures of the men and women who figured in the uncertainties and changes. As an analogy, imagine a writer like Ishihara Shintaro founding a newspaper, and commissioning a drawer like Yokoo Tadanori to produce a series of caricatures of historical figures both men respected for their thoughts and actions. An odd couple, you might say, but apart from that, who would they choose? Nogi Maresuke and Mishima Yukio? Matsui Sumako and Abe Sada? How would Yoshitoshi have depicted such personalities in a latter-day version of Kinsei jinbutsu shi? For a good introduction to seven of the Kinsei jinbutsu shi prints, see Cathrine E. Lowther's Yoshitoshi Tsukioka: The Lives of Modern People, 1887-1988 -- though the series began from 1886. |
Kinsei jinbutsu shi -- Yamato shinbun furoku table Kinsei jinbutsu shi Kinsei jinbutsu shi gallery | ||||
There are 20 issues in the Kinsei jinbutsu shi (Accounts of recent-age personalities) series. (Ono Collection) | ||||
Print number |
Paper issue |
Date |
Themes |
Personality, summary, and comments |
1 | 2 | 1886-10-12 | Tensho Inden | |
2 | 23 | 1886-11-6 | Nakamura Shikan's wife | |
3 | 52 | 1886-12-11 | Isobayashi Taii | |
4 | 92 | 1887-1-30 | Tokugawa Yohimegimi | |
5 | 109 | 1887-2-20 | Eto Shinpei | |
6 | 139 | 1887-3-29 | Kinbei Daikoku's courtesan Imamurasaki | |
7 | 167 | 1887-4-30 | Sumo wrester Mumegaya Totaro | |
8 | 187 | 1887-5-24 | General Nanigashi's mistress | |
9 | 210 | 1887-6-19 | Danjuro Fukusuke Ryoyu's haiku | |
10 | 236 | 1887-7-20 | Nishigori Takekiyo | |
11 | 263 | 1887-8-20 | Nanai Omume [killing Kamekichi] | |
12 | 293 | 1887-9-25 | Bando Hikosaburo V | |
13 | 311 | 1887-10-16 | Egawa Tarozaemon | |
14 | 333 | 1887-11-13 | The Konoe family's old woman Muraoka | |
15 | 357 | 1887-12-13 | Kido Suiko Inden | |
16 | 386 | 1888-1-20 | Takeda Kounsai's other woman Tokiko | |
17 | 414 | 1888-2-24 | Saigo Takamori | |
18 | 438 | 1888-3-24 | Kawase Sore's wife | |
19 | 464 | 1888-4-25 | Tomobayashi Rokuro Mitsuhira | |
20 | 490 | 1888-5-25 | Tokugawa Keikiko Gorenchu |
Kyodo risshi no motoi Kyodo risshi no motoi gallery Kyodo risshi no motoi table | |
教導立志其 Kyodo risshi no motoi Foundations of learning and achievement |
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Inspirational nishikie Featured people deemed to be models of education and success Drawn by various drawers. Published by Matsuki Heikichi. |
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This series ran between 1886 and 1890 and featured a long list of heroes and heroines, from antiquity to contemporary times, who were regarded as standards of moral leadership and self-realization. |
Kyodo risshi no motoi table Kyodo risshi no motoi Kyodo risshi no motoi gallery | ||||
There are over 50 distinct prints in this series, and some variants. | ||||
Issue | Date | Seal | Themes | Title, summary, and comments |
21 | 1885-12 | Suicide, loyalty | Kesa Gozen. Endō Moritō about to slay Kesa Gozen's husband not realizing she has fooled him into killing her instead. | |
45 | 1885-10-26 | Civil war, Journalism | Fukuchi Gen'ichiro. Fukuchi takes field notes in wake of raging battle as war correspondent during Satsuma rebellion. |
Kenjoden -- Onna shinbun furoku Kenjoden gallery Onna shinbun | |
賢女傳 Kenjoden Foundations of learning and achievement |
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Inspirational nishikie Featured women memorialized as models of female and wifely behavior Story written by Uchida Kayoko (tentative reading) Drawn by Seisōjo (seal unread) Published and printed by Suzuki Hansaburō Edited by Saga Jun'ichi |
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Only one print is known, hence whether "Kenjoden" was intended to be a series is a matter of speculation. Assigning cartouche containing the "Kesa Gozen" story an overarching thematic title suggests -- but does not prove -- intention of a series. |
Kenjoden -- Onna shinbun furoku table Kenjoden Kenjoden gallery | ||||
Only one known print is known. | ||||
Print number |
Paper issue |
Date |
Themes |
Personality, summary, and comments |
None | 15 | 1888-9-23 | Loyalty, suicide | Kesa (袈裟), unable to resist the advances of Endō Moritō (遠藤盛遠), cuts her hair and retires to quarters she has told Moritō her husband will be sleeping. Moritō kills the sleeping figure only to learn it was Kesa. |
Outlander spottings Ikoku-e, ijin-e; Yokohama-e, Nagasaki-e |
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Outlander spottingsWhat I call "outlander spottings" featured pictures of aliens on the loose in the few port towns that had extraterritorial foreign settlements. Prints that focus on foreign countries are "ikoku-e" (異国絵), while those that focus on foreigners are "ijin-e" (異人絵). When classifying such prints by place, they are called Yokohama-e (横浜絵) or Nagasaki-e (長崎絵) and the like. Roughly 1,000 such drawings were produced in the form of woodblock prints during the last decade of the Edo era, which ended during 1868, and the first decade of the following Meiji period. Some foreigner prints feature their subjects mingling together in a foreign settlement. In this respect, the are townscapes with with local denizens. Many foreigner prints, however, depict their subjects against a plain background, usually individually or paired. Some show a couple from the same country. Some show a couple with children. A few show denizens of imaginary countries with those of actual countries. Prints with plain backgrounds are reminisencent of anthropological sketches of native peoples with captions, in that they exhibit their subjects as specimens from the country named in the cartouche beside them. Some differently titled series include the same or very similar pictures. The above series, while different, share similar features. Most pictures identified their subjects with cartouches showing only the name of the country. A country name might be followed by a status or status of the people depicted in the prints. Some, however, had stories. Most stories were unsigned, but some were signed -- such the story attributed to Kanagaki Robun on Yoshitora's Kokui / Nankin fujin print. |
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Glossary of terms in titles
In standard Japanese today, "dzu" (づ) is pronounced the same as "zu" (ず), hence its conflation with "zu" in both New Hepburn and Kunrei romanization rules. However, voiced "tsu" is "dzu" in romanization that strictly refects kana orthography. On this website, I use "Z" to represent 図, "Zg" to represent 図画 read "zuga", "Zge" to represent 図画 read "zue", and "Ze" to represent 図絵. |
Gaikoku jinbutsu zuga Gaikoku jinbutsu zuga gallery Gaikoku jinbutsu zuga gallery table | |
外國人物圖画 Gaikoku jinbutsu zuga [ Outland people pictures ] Pictures of people from foreign countries |
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Prints titled Gaikoku jinbtsu zuga were drawn by Yoshiiku. The earliest prints were koban impressions published by Yamashō. Later prints were ōban impressions published by Marutetsu, and at least one ōban impression showing 4 aliens, with the same seal as the Marutetsu prints, was published by Shōbundō. While these prints share the same title, I am inclined to treat them as separate series. Moreover, several prints in the Gaikoku jinbuzu zuga series were produced by other publishers, with different cartouches and other design elements, in the Gaikoku jinbutsu zukushi series (see below). |
Gaikoku jinbutsu zuga table Gaikoku jinbutsu zuga Gaikoku jinbutsu zuga gallery | |||||||||
The following prints are only a few of many other known prints. |
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GJZg koban prints Drawn by Yoshitora (芳虎) and published by Yamashō (山庄) |
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Story | Date | Seal | Printer | Carver | Titles | Descriptions and cartouches | |||
1861-01/02 |
Saru 12 萬年 1-12 |
Yamashō |
Amerika 亜墨利加 |
"America" man in Navy uniform, standing beside (Oriental?) woman sitting in chair. He is smoking a cigar(?). She may be holding a cigar (?). Integrated furled and curled cartouche. |
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1861-01/02 |
Saru 12 萬年 1-12 |
Yamashō |
Furansu 仏蘭西 |
"France" man sitting in chair, drinking wine, woman standing beside him with flask. Integrated furled and curled cartouche. |
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1861-01/02 |
Saru 12 萬年 1-12 |
Yamashō |
Igirisu 英吉利 |
"England" man and woman standing and jointly holding an opened umbrella or parasol. Integrated furled and curled cartouche. Reissued as GJZ edition sans cartouche (below). |
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1861-01/02 |
Saru 12 萬年 1-12 |
Yamashō |
Nankin 南京 |
"Nanking" (China) man sitting, probably non-Chinese woman standing beside him. Integrated furled and curled cartouche. |
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1861-01/02 |
Saru 12 萬年 1-12 |
Yamashō |
Roshia 露西亜 |
"Russia" man sitting with accordion, facing standing woman who is holding but not playing trumpet. Integrated furled and curled cartouche. |
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GJZg ōban prints Drawn by Ichikeisai Yoshiiku (一惠齋芳幾) and published by Marutetsu (丸鉄) |
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Unsigned | 1861-03/04 |
Tori 2 文久 1-2 |
Marutetsu |
Amerika 亜墨利加 |
Two "America" men standing, apparently in conversation, one smoking, the other holding a walking stick. Story speaks of San Francisco as a port in California. Black-on-orange rectangular cartouche with clipped corners. |
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Unsigned Image GJZg Igirisu |
1861-03/04 |
Tori 2 文久 1-2 |
Marutetsu |
Igirisu 英吉利 |
An "England" couple standing. The man is holding a walking stick and resting a closed umbrella or parasol on his shoulder. The woman appears to be talking while pointing in the opposite direction to where both are looking. The story speaks of "Eikoku" aka "Buritaniya" as a big island in "Ourappa-shiu". Black-on-red square cartouche with clipped corners. |
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Unsigned | 1861-03/04 |
Tori 2 文久 1-2 |
Marutetsu |
Nankin 南京 Furansu 仏蘭西 |
A "Nanking" (China) man is standing and making a point with is finger while speaking to a "France" man who is sitting and drinking (perhaps wine). Black-on-orange rectangular cartouche with clipped corners. |
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GJZg ōban prints Drawn by Yoshiiku (芳幾) and published by Shōbundō (正文堂) |
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Unsigned | 1861-03/04 |
Tori 2 文久 1-2 |
Shōbundō |
1. Oranda 紅毛 2. Amerika nyonin 亜米利加女人 3. Oroshiya 魯西亜 4. Amerika 亜米利加 |
Four prints on one 1. A "Holland" man sitting and drinking. 2. An "America woman" standing and holding a bottle of wine. 3. A "Russia" man standing by a table with a lamp on it. 4. An "America" man with a walking stick, by a white dog. All prints separately titled without cartouches. Signed "Yoshiiku" (芳幾), not "Ichikeisai Yoshiiku"). Published by Shōbundō (正文堂), not by Marutetsu (丸鉄). |
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Variations of English-couple-with-parasol print
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Gaikokujin yūkō no zu Gaikokujin yūkō no zu table | |
外國人遊行之圖 Gaikokujin yūkō no zu [ Drawings of outlander pleasure outings ] Drawings of foreigners out and about |
Gaikokujin yūkō no zu table Gaikokujin yūkō no zu | ||||||
GjYnZ prints Drawn by Yoshitora (芳虎) and published by Yamashō = Yamadaya (山庄 = 山田屋) |
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Story | Date | Seal | Printer | Carver | Titles | Descriptions and cartouches |
1861-02/03 |
Tori 1 文久 1-1 |
Yamashō |
Amerika nyonin 亜墨利加人女人 |
One "America" woman standing beside boy on stilts. Yellow-bordered black-on-orange title cartouche. Reissued as GJZ edition sans cartouche (below). |
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1861-02/03 |
Tori 1 文久 1-1 |
Yamashō Yamadaya |
Amerikajin 亜米利加人 |
Two "American" soldiers standing with muskets, one mounted with a bayonet. Yellow-bordered black-on-red title cartouche. Reissued as GJZ edition sans cartouche (below). |
Gaikoku jinbutsu zukushi Gaikoku jinbutsu zukushi gallery Gaikoku jinbutsu zukushi gallery table | |
外國人物盡 Gaikoku jinbutsu zukushi [ Outland (other country) people of all kinds ] Various people from other countries |
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Most prints titled Gaikoku jinbutsu zukushi were drawn by Yoshitora but produced by two two publishers. The first publisher appears to have been Yamadaya Shōbee (山田屋庄兵衛), aka Yamadaya Shōjirō (山田屋庄次郎), hence "Yamashō" on many prints. The second publisher was Wakayo (若與), aka Wakasaya Yoichi (若狭屋與市), who presumably bought the blocks from Yamada. Some Wakayo prints show "Shiba Wakayo" (芝若與), which probably alludes to the location of his shop in the Shiba area of Edo in today's Minato-ku in Tokyo. Both publishers were especially active during the last decades of the Edo period. |
Gaikoku jinbutsu zukushi table Gaikoku jinbutsu zukushi Gaikoku jinbutsu zukushi gallery | ||||||
GJZ prints Drawn by Yoshitora (芳虎) and published by Yamashō (山庄) |
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Story | Date | Seal | Printer | Carver | Titles | Descriptions and cartouches |
1861-01/02 |
Saru 12 萬年 1-12 |
Yamashō |
Igirisu 英吉利 |
"England" man and woman standing and jointly holding an opened umbrella or parasol. Integrated furled and curled cartouche. GJZ reissue of GJZg edition sans cartouche (above). |
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1861-02/03 |
Tori 1 文久 1-1 |
Yamashō |
1. Amerika 亜墨利加 2. Furansu 仏蘭西 |
Two prints on one 1. Two "America" soldiers standing, one with a musket mounted with a bayonet resting on a shoulder, the other brandishing a saber. 2. Two "France" women standing and apparently talking. Each has a curled banner title cartouche and seals. |
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1861-02/03 |
Tori 1 文久 1-1 |
Yamashō |
1. Amerika 亜米利加 2. Nankin 南京 |
Two prints on one 1. "America" woman riding horse. 2. "China" couple (man and woman? two men) talking. Each has a curled banner title cartouche and seals. |
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1861-02/03 |
Tori 1 文久 1-1 |
Yamashō |
1. Igirisu 英吉利 2. Roshia 露西亜 |
Two prints on one 1. "England" man and woman standing. 2. "Russia" man sitting and playing accordion, woman standing and playing trumpet. Both have their own titles and seals but no title cartouches. |
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1861-02/03 |
Tori 1 文久 1-1 |
Yamashō |
Amerikajin 亜米利加人 |
Two "American" soldiers standing with muskets, one mounted with a bayonet. GJZ reissue of GjYnZ edition sans cartouche (above). |
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1861-02/03 |
Tori 1 文久 1-1 |
Yamashō | Hori Take |
Amerika nyonin 亜墨利加女人 |
"America woman" riding a horse. Integrated furled and curled cartouche. |
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1861-02/03 |
Tori 1 文久 1-1 |
Yamashō | Hori Take |
Amerika 亜米利加 |
"America" man riding horse. Integrated furled and curled cartouche. |
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1861-02/03 |
Tori 1 文久 1-1 |
Yamashō | Hori Take |
Igirisu 英吉利 |
Two "England" men sitting at a table. Both have eating and drinking. The man facing front in the background, who appears to be of higher status, is reading. Integrated furled and curled cartouche. |
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1861-02/03 |
Tori 1 文久 1-1 |
Yamashō | Hori Take |
Oranda 阿蘭陀 |
"Holland" couple standing. The woman is holding a round fan. Integrated furled and curled cartouche. |
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1861-02/03 |
Tori 1 文久 1-1 |
Yamashō | Hori Take |
Roshia nyonin 露西亜女人 |
"Russia woman" riding a horse. Integrated furled and curled cartouche. |
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1861-03/04 |
Tori 2 文久 1-2 |
Yamashō |
Igirisu 英吉利 |
Two "England" men, one on a horse, one standing with a flag. No cartouche. |
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GJZ prints Drawn by Yoshitora (芳虎) and published by Wakayo / Shiba Wakayo (若與 / 芝若與) |
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Kanagaki | 1861-03/04 |
Tori 2 文久 1-2 |
Wakayo |
Kokui 黒夷 Nankin fujin 南京婦人 |
A "black barbarian" called a "kuronbou" (クロンボウ) with a "Nankin" (China) lady. Curled banner title cartouche. |
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Unsigned | 1861-06/07 |
Tori 5 文久 1-5 |
Shiba Wakayo |
Amerika 亜墨利加 |
Two "America" standing soldiers, one with a saber, the other with a bolt-action rifle. Rounded corner black-on-yellow title cartouche. |
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Unsigned | 1861-06/07 |
Tori 5 文久 1-5 |
Shiba Wakayo |
Furansu 仏蘭西 |
"France" woman riding horse. Notched corner white-on-black title cartouche. |
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Unsigned | 1861-06/07 |
Tori 5 文久 1-5 |
Shiba Wakayo |
Igirisu 英吉利 |
Two "England" women (queen and attendant?) standing. Rounded corner black-on-yellow title cartouche. |
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Unsigned | 1861-06/07 |
Tori 5 文久 1-5 |
Shiba Wakayo |
Igirisu 英吉利 |
An "England" man and woman standing, he with a cane. Notched corner white-on-black title cartouche. |
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Unsigned | 1861-06/07 |
Tori 5 文久 1-5 |
Shiba Wakayo |
Minami Amerika 南亜墨利加 |
"South America" woman standing beside a sitting man. Rounded corner black-on-yellow title cartouche. |
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Some other prints in seriesThe "Gaikoku jinbutsu zukushi" series includes also the following prints among others. The following unsorted list will eventually be collated into the above list by date and other particulars. Igirisu 英吉利 "England" man on horse. Integrated furled and curled cartouche. Hori Take Yamashō Amerika 亜米利加 American man standing with walking stick and dog. Amerika 亜墨利加 "America"n man riding horse. Amerika nyonin 亜米利加女人 "America" woman standing with bottle. Igirisu 英吉利 Two "England" men sitting. Kōmō 紅毛 "Red-hair" (Hollander) sitting and drinking. Roshia 魯西亜 "Russia" man standing by table with lamp on table. Furansu 仏蘭西 "France" man sitting back to front with wine cup, woman standing beside him with wine bottle. Unsigned. Rounded corner black-on-yellow title cartouche. Maybe Shiba Wakayo printer cartouche. |
Gaikokujin no zu Gaikokujin no zu gallery Gaikokujin no zu gallery table | |
外國人之圖 Gaikokujin no zu [ Drawings of outlanders ] Drawings of foreigners |
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Prints in the Gaikokujin no zu series were drawn by Yoshitomi and vary in size. At least 2 of the prints depict people from fabulous places along with people from actual countries. |
Gaikokujin no zu table Gaikokujin no zu Gaikokujin no zu gallery | ||||||
GjnZ prints Drawn by Yoshitomi (芳富) and published by Kiya (木屋) |
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Story | Date | Seal | Printer | Carver | Titles | Descriptions and cartouches |
1861-04/05 |
Tori 3 文久 1-3 |
Kiya | Hori Take |
Amerika 英吉利 Woroshiya ヲロシヤ Uminkoku ウミン國 |
"America" woman with bouquet standing beside "Russia" man with cane as two cherubs from "Winged-people country" hover above them. Simple rectangular title and country cartouches. Some prints have blue grounds, others unpigmented grounds. |
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1861-04/05 |
Tori 3 文久 1-3 |
Kiya | Hori Take |
Nankin ナンキン Woranda ヲランダ Kobitoshima 小人島 |
Southern China "Nanking" man sitting at table holding a cup, and "Holland" woman standing by table, watching two Lilliputian-esque men from the "Island of little people" poor tea into the cup, from a pot as high as they are tall. Some prints have blue grounds, others unpigmented grounds. |
Iku kotoba Iku kotoba gallery | |
いくことば Iku kotoba Many words |
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Educational nishikie Featured images of foreigners with lists of Japanese words and their equivalents in a foreign langauge Drawn by Keisai Yoshiiku (Saru 11 / 1860-12/1861-01) Carved by Hori Chō Published and printed by Kinkyū |
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This series includes several prints, each of which is dedicated to a single foreign language. Some languages have more than one print. |
Iku kotoba table Iku kotoba Iku kotoba gallery | ||||||
Yosha Bunko has only one print in this series, and it is one of at least 2 prints in the series that show Dutch words, as described below. |
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IK oban prints Iku kotoba いくことば |
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Story | Date | Seal | Printer | Carver | Titles | Descriptions and cartouches |
1860-12/1861-01 |
Saru 11 萬年 1-11 |
Kinkyū 近久 |
Horichō 彫長 |
Iku kotoba いくことば Rango らんご |
The title cartouche shows 23 basic words in Japanese and Dutch related to astronomy, meteorology, and geography (see below). The country cartouches show a "Fance" (Furansu 佛蘭西 ふらんす) woman in a long dress and hat, sitting on the railing of a veranda (?) or the deck of a ship (?), observing a "Holland" (Oranda 和蘭 おらんだ) man sitting in a chair smoking a cigar, against a backgroud of a harbor with ships. |
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Glossed country cartouchesThe cartouches labeling the man and woman show their countries in Sino-Japanese graphs followed by their Japanese readings in hiragana, as described above. Country cartouches showing both the Sino-Japanese graphic name, and the Japanese name in moraic script, is a bit unusual. 23 Japanese-Dutch wordsThe 23 pairs of Japanese and Dutch words are equivalents of English sun moon heaven earth rain wind cloud snow mountain sea river east west south north heat cold left right front back up down. |